1. How is what happened to Henrietta at John Hopkins relate to what happened to subjects of the Tuskegee syphilis study?
2. What were some of the aspects of Carrel's chicken heart cells that made them infamous?
1. How is what happened to Henrietta at John Hopkins relate to what happened to subjects of the Tuskegee syphilis study? - The events that happened to Henrietta at John Hopkins relate to what happened to subjects of the Tuskegee syphilis study because just like Henrietta, the poor African-American men were lied to. The doctors promised them benefits and money that covered up the truth, that doctors were going to watch them suffer and die. Henrietta was in the same way lied to about the treatment they were giving her. They didn’t tell her until after she had radiation treatment that she couldn’t have children. Both of these incidents the patients were lied to and taken advantage of.
2. What were some of the aspects of Carrel's chicken heart cells that made them infamous? - Some things that made Carrel’s chicken heart cells infamous was the fact Carrel built up years of lies. Telling people the immortal chicken heart volume would grow as big as the solar system. People began to pay less attention to cultured cells and looked at them as creepy science fiction.
1. Henrietta’s case relates to what happened to the subject of the Tuskegee syphilis study because of how she was, in a way, being used as a test subject and lied to. Similarly to her, the “patients” of the Tuskegee study were subjects as well. A difference is that instead of being given medication immediately, these patients were given no treatment and slowly suffered with no attempt of prevention of death. Another difference is that Henrietta was not given anything besides treatment. The subjects during the Tuskegee study were given benefits which lured them into the study.
2. Carrel’s chicken heart cells were infamous for several reasons that were publically known and not publically known. For instance, Americans began to fear his work due to movies, which portrayed similar experiments to become monsters. Also, books were used to describe mutant humans that terrorized the Earth. Carrel’s experiment was not only scary in this sense, but it was also scary due to the reason he created this experiment. His goal, which was not blatantly stated was that he was a eugenicist, meaning that he wanted there to be infinite life for what he believed was the superior race. These are several reasons why the chicken heart cells were seen as infamous.
1. A lack of informed consent is what makes both cases ethically problematic. Henrietta was not told what her cells were going to be used for, and those in charge of the Tuskegee Study of Untreated Syphilis did not inform the black subjects what the true intentions of the study were.
2.Carrel's work was made infamous through popular culture, and through the fact that he displayed eugenic tendencies. In the scientific community, the most infamous aspect of his Chicken-heart experiment was the fact that other scientists could not replicate his findings,and that it was later discovered that the heart had not regrown itself, but had simply absorbed cells in the nutrient bath.
1. The Tuskegee studies and what happened to Henrietta is very similar because in both situations the patients are not told the true meaning and purpose of the studies. In Henrietta’s case, she wasn’t told that her cells were going to be used for testing. In the Tuskegee case, the African American men weren’t told the true reason and purpose for their testing. One point of discussion is the fact that in both of these cases, the patient(s) were black. Both cases are very unethical and morally wrong.
2. One of the things that made his "chicken heart" famous is the techniques that he used for it. He was the first person to know how to suture blood vessels and he performed the first coronary bypass which helped significantly in transplanting organs. He had aspired to create organs from scratch and stock up on them. Before he did that he started by growing some tissue of chicken heart. He succeeded because the heart kept beating as if it were alive. Along the way he managed to pick up a Nobel Piece Prize... What makes these Chicken Heart cells so unique though?
Part of what happened to Henrietta at John Hopkins is due to the amount of trust that the black patients had in white doctors. Henrietta was suspicious of the hospital and the procedures they would have to perform on her. After her death and the Tuskegee Syphilis Study, there was speculation as to whether doctors performed different procedures on black patients for research and practice. Both Henrietta and the patients of the Tuskegee Study were not fully informed of their circumstances, so a lot of distrust formed between them and the doctors treating them.
Carrel’s chicken heart cells did not become infamous because he was performing groundbreaking work. They became infamous from his public image and how the media helped frame the idea of immortal cell lines. Since Carrel closely associated himself with ideas like racial purity and the media portrayed his cell line as threat to humans through entertainment, many people began to resent immortal cell lines. Even though his chicken heart cells were not immortal, his actions impacted Gey’s HeLa cells and the promises of continued research.
1. With Henrietta they did not tell her that they would be taking her cell samples and they treated her as uneducated and did not make sure she got proper treatment. She was also taken advantage of because of her race and was not given the right to make her own choices and they did not disclose all the information about the treatments she would be receiving. Similar things happened with the Tuskegee syphilis study, meaning, the people that were studied were treated differently because the doctors knew they were poor and uneducated and that they would not ask questions. Knowing this the doctors watched the patients suffer painful deaths that were preventable in order to study how syphilis kills. This is completely wrong and unethical but at the time (1930s) people did not ask questions about it and the doctors did not think it was wrong because of all the racism and treating them poorly because they were uneducated poor.
2. Carrel’s chicken heart cells were made infamous because scientists had been trying to grow living cells for a long time but they always died. The chicken heart cells also make advancements in methods of transplanting organs. He was trying to do what people had been trying to do for a long time but it actually worked, the chicken heart cells were still working even though they were not inside a body. He won a Nobel prize for his work with blood-vessel-suturing technique which was not related to the chicken heart cells but the media perceived it as a ‘fountain of youth’ meaning they believed it could help people possibly live forever. Carrel wanted to have his cells help people live longer as a way to “preserve the superior white race.” This is another example of how racism comes up in this book and the unequal treatment of black and uneducated people in medicine at the time.
Henrietta's experience at John Hopkin's is very similar to that of the patients at the Tuskegee syphilis study. Both were lied to and used towards scientific research without being told the purposes or plans of their studies. They are also different because the subjects at the Tuskegee syphilis study were given benefits to attract them to this study, white Henrietta was not given any. It was also different because these men, in the Tuskegee syphilis study, were not given the necessary treatment to cure their case of "bad blood".
Carrel's chicken heart cells were made infamous due to the fact that it touched upon racial issued shown from the media. He wanted to use these immortal cells to further the superior race which created more opposition to his work.
from Kai
ReplyDelete1. How is what happened to Henrietta at John Hopkins relate to what happened to subjects of the Tuskegee syphilis study?
- The events that happened to Henrietta at John Hopkins relate to what happened to subjects of the Tuskegee syphilis study because just like Henrietta, the poor African-American men were lied to. The doctors promised them benefits and money that covered up the truth, that doctors were going to watch them suffer and die. Henrietta was in the same way lied to about the treatment they were giving her. They didn’t tell her until after she had radiation treatment that she couldn’t have children. Both of these incidents the patients were lied to and taken advantage of.
2. What were some of the aspects of Carrel's chicken heart cells that made them infamous?
- Some things that made Carrel’s chicken heart cells infamous was the fact Carrel built up years of lies. Telling people the immortal chicken heart volume would grow as big as the solar system. People began to pay less attention to cultured cells and looked at them as creepy science fiction.
Emma Lasky
ReplyDelete1. Henrietta’s case relates to what happened to the subject of the Tuskegee syphilis study because of how she was, in a way, being used as a test subject and lied to. Similarly to her, the “patients” of the Tuskegee study were subjects as well. A difference is that instead of being given medication immediately, these patients were given no treatment and slowly suffered with no attempt of prevention of death. Another difference is that Henrietta was not given anything besides treatment. The subjects during the Tuskegee study were given benefits which lured them into the study.
2. Carrel’s chicken heart cells were infamous for several reasons that were publically known and not publically known. For instance, Americans began to fear his work due to movies, which portrayed similar experiments to become monsters. Also, books were used to describe mutant humans that terrorized the Earth. Carrel’s experiment was not only scary in this sense, but it was also scary due to the reason he created this experiment. His goal, which was not blatantly stated was that he was a eugenicist, meaning that he wanted there to be infinite life for what he believed was the superior race. These are several reasons why the chicken heart cells were seen as infamous.
1. A lack of informed consent is what makes both cases ethically problematic. Henrietta was not told what her cells were going to be used for, and those in charge of the Tuskegee Study of Untreated Syphilis did not inform the black subjects what the true intentions of the study were.
ReplyDelete2.Carrel's work was made infamous through popular culture, and through the fact that he displayed eugenic tendencies. In the scientific community, the most infamous aspect of his Chicken-heart experiment was the fact that other scientists could not replicate his findings,and that it was later discovered that the heart had not regrown itself, but had simply absorbed cells in the nutrient bath.
Andrew Kaminsky
ReplyDelete1. The Tuskegee studies and what happened to Henrietta is very similar because in both situations the patients are not told the true meaning and purpose of the studies. In Henrietta’s case, she wasn’t told that her cells were going to be used for testing. In the Tuskegee case, the African American men weren’t told the true reason and purpose for their testing. One point of discussion is the fact that in both of these cases, the patient(s) were black. Both cases are very unethical and morally wrong.
2. One of the things that made his "chicken heart" famous is the techniques that he used for it. He was the first person to know how to suture blood vessels and he performed the first coronary bypass which helped significantly in transplanting organs. He had aspired to create organs from scratch and stock up on them. Before he did that he started by growing some tissue of chicken heart. He succeeded because the heart kept beating as if it were alive. Along the way he managed to pick up a Nobel Piece Prize... What makes these Chicken Heart cells so unique though?
Part of what happened to Henrietta at John Hopkins is due to the amount of trust that the black patients had in white doctors. Henrietta was suspicious of the hospital and the procedures they would have to perform on her. After her death and the Tuskegee Syphilis Study, there was speculation as to whether doctors performed different procedures on black patients for research and practice. Both Henrietta and the patients of the Tuskegee Study were not fully informed of their circumstances, so a lot of distrust formed between them and the doctors treating them.
ReplyDeleteCarrel’s chicken heart cells did not become infamous because he was performing groundbreaking work. They became infamous from his public image and how the media helped frame the idea of immortal cell lines. Since Carrel closely associated himself with ideas like racial purity and the media portrayed his cell line as threat to humans through entertainment, many people began to resent immortal cell lines. Even though his chicken heart cells were not immortal, his actions impacted Gey’s HeLa cells and the promises of continued research.
1. With Henrietta they did not tell her that they would be taking her cell samples and they treated her as uneducated and did not make sure she got proper treatment. She was also taken advantage of because of her race and was not given the right to make her own choices and they did not disclose all the information about the treatments she would be receiving. Similar things happened with the Tuskegee syphilis study, meaning, the people that were studied were treated differently because the doctors knew they were poor and uneducated and that they would not ask questions. Knowing this the doctors watched the patients suffer painful deaths that were preventable in order to study how syphilis kills. This is completely wrong and unethical but at the time (1930s) people did not ask questions about it and the doctors did not think it was wrong because of all the racism and treating them poorly because they were uneducated poor.
ReplyDelete2. Carrel’s chicken heart cells were made infamous because scientists had been trying to grow living cells for a long time but they always died. The chicken heart cells also make advancements in methods of transplanting organs. He was trying to do what people had been trying to do for a long time but it actually worked, the chicken heart cells were still working even though they were not inside a body. He won a Nobel prize for his work with blood-vessel-suturing technique which was not related to the chicken heart cells but the media perceived it as a ‘fountain of youth’ meaning they believed it could help people possibly live forever. Carrel wanted to have his cells help people live longer as a way to “preserve the superior white race.” This is another example of how racism comes up in this book and the unequal treatment of black and uneducated people in medicine at the time.
Henrietta's experience at John Hopkin's is very similar to that of the patients at the Tuskegee syphilis study. Both were lied to and used towards scientific research without being told the purposes or plans of their studies. They are also different because the subjects at the Tuskegee syphilis study were given benefits to attract them to this study, white Henrietta was not given any. It was also different because these men, in the Tuskegee syphilis study, were not given the necessary treatment to cure their case of "bad blood".
ReplyDeleteCarrel's chicken heart cells were made infamous due to the fact that it touched upon racial issued shown from the media. He wanted to use these immortal cells to further the superior race which created more opposition to his work.